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| Reference | Sample Size | Comparative Analysis | Immunological Changes |
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Wang F, et al. The laboratory tests and host immunity of COVID-19 patients with different severity of illness. JCI Insight. 2020 May;5(10):e137799. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.137799
| 65 COVID‑19 Patients
| Extremely Severe vs Severe vs Moderate Cases
| Total lymphocytes, total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells (absolute count)
Total T cells, CD4+ cells (%);
CD45RA+ Naïve Tregs (%)
CD4+ CD28+ and CD8+ CD28+ T cells (%)
CD86+ dendritic cells (%)
CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T cells (%)
HLA-DR+ activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%)
NK cells (%)
PD-1+ exhausted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%)
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ(%)
Serum amounts of IL-6 and IL-10 (pg/mL)
|
Chen G, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020 May;130(5):2620-2629. doi: 10.1172/JCI137244
| 21 COVID‑19 Patients
| Severe vs Moderate Cases
| Total lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (absolute count)
Total B cells (%)
CD45RA+ naïve Tregs (%)
CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ (%)
Serum amounts of IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IL-2R (pg/mL) |
Qin C, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;71(15):762-768. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa248
| 452 COVID‑19 Patients
| Severe vs Moderate Cases
| Total lymphocytes, total T cells, CD4+ T cells (absolute count)
CD4+ cells (%)
CD4+ CD45RA+ naïve T cells (%)
CD8+ CD28+ cells (%)
Tregs (%)
CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T cells (%)
Serum amounts of TNF, IL-2R, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8 (pg/mL) |
Zheng M, et al. Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 May;17(5):533-535. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-0402-2
| 68 COVID‑19 Patients
| Severe vs Moderate Cases
| Total lymphocytes, CD8+ T cells and NK cells (absolute count)
CD8+ T cells and NK cells expressing CD107a (%)
CD8+ T cells and NK cells producing GZMB, IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF (%)
NKG2A+ exhausted CD8+ T cells and NK cells (%) |
Zheng H, et al. Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 May;17(5):541-543. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-0401-3
| 6 Healthy Controls
16 COVID‑19 Patients
| Severe vs Moderate vs Healthy Cases
| CD4+ T cells producing IFN-α or TNF (%)
Polyfunctional CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF (%)
HLA-DR+ activated CD8+ T cells (%)
PD-1+ CTLA-4+ TIGIT+ exhausted CD8+ T cells (%) |
Zhou Y, et al. Pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 patients. Natl Sci Rev. 2020 June;7(6):998-1002. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa041
| 33 COVID‑19 Patients
| ICU vs No ICU Care
| Total T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, monocytes, NK cells (absolute count)
PD-1+TIM-3+ exhausted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%)
CD4+ T cells producing IL-6 and GM-CSF (%)
CD14+CD16+ monocytes producing IL-6 and GM-CSF (%) |
Diao B, et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol. May 2020. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00827
| 40 Healthy Subjects
522 COVID‑19 Patients
| ICU vs No ICU Care
| Total T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (absolute count)
PD-1+ exhausted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%)
Serum amounts of IL-6, IL-10, TNF (pg/mL) |
Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, et al. Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure. Cell Host Microbe. 2020 June;27(6):992-1000.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.009
| 54 COVID‑19 Patients
| Macrophage Activated Syndrome vs Dysregulated Immune Response vs Intermediate Immune Response
| Total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, NK and B cells (absolute count)
HLA-DR expression on monocytes (absolute number of molecules/cell)
Neutrophils and macrophages (absolute count)
Serum amounts of IL-6 (pg/mL) |
De Biasi S, et al. Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Nat Commun. 2020 July;11(1):3434. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17292-4
| 20 Healthy Subjects
21 COVID‑19 Patients
| COVID‑19 Patients vs Healthy Subjects
| CD8+ naïve and central memory T cells (%)
CD4+ and CD8+ TEMRA (%)
HLA-DR+ CD38+ activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%)
PD-1+ CD57+ exhausted/senescent CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%)
Naïve Tregs (%)
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD107a (%)
CD8+ T cells producing IL-2 or IL-17 (%)
CD4+ T cells producing IL-2, IFN-α , TNF or IL-17 (%)
Polyfunctional CD4+ T cells producing IL-2 and IL-17 (%)
Serum amounts of CXCL6, IFN-γ, Galectin-1, -3, -9, IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-17, MICA, MIP-2 (CXCL2), CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, TNF (pg/mL) |
Maucourant C, et al. Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity. Sci Immunol. 2020 August;5(50). doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6832
| 27
COVID-19 Patients
| Severe vs Moderate Cases
| Total NK cells, CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells (absolute count)
Ki67+ activated NK cells (%)
CD57+NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells (%) |
Mathew D, et al. Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications. Science. 2020 July;6508(369). doi: 10.1126/science.abc8511
| 60 Healthy Donors
36 Recovered Donors
125 COVID-19 Patients
| COVID-19 Patients vs Recovered Donors vs Healthy Donors
| T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%)
CD8+ effector memory RA T cells (%)
CD4+ effector memory T cells (%)
Ki67+ HLA-DR+ CD38+ activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%)
Activated circulating Tfh cells (%)
CD27+CD38+ plasmablasts (%)
Memory B cells (%) |
Sanchez-Cerillo I, et al. COVID-19 severity associates with pulmonary redistribution of CD1c+ DC and inflammatory transitional and nonclassical monocytes. J Clin Invest. 2020 August;140335. doi: 10.1172/JCI140335
| 22 Healthy Donors
66 COVID-19 Patients
| Critical vs Severe vs Mild vs Healthy Cases
| CD123+ plasmacytoid DCs (%)
CD141+ conventional DCs (%)
CD1c conventional DCs (%)
Classical and nonclassical monocytes (%) |
Kuri-Cervantes L, et al. Comprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19. Sci Immunol. 2020 Jul;5(49):eabd7114. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd7114
| 12 Healthy Donors
7 Recovered Donors
27 COVID-19 Patients
| Severe vs Moderate vs Recovered vs Healthy Cases
| CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells, MAIT cells and innate lymphoid cells (%)
CD21+ CD27+ B cells (%)
Neutrophiles, granulocytes and monocytes (%)
HLA-DR+ CD38+ activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%)
CD27+CD38+ plasmablasts (%)
Perforin+ granzyme+ cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (%)
PD-1+ CD4+ T cells (%)
CD21- CD27- B cells (%) |
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